The English Language Essay Example for Free

The English Language Essay Language is a constant. It is a component that will be forever intertwined into the fabrication of our global society. This multi-sensory means of communication, consists of not only the verbal and writing, but also touch, smell, sound, body, and gestural elements. As human beings are social animals, people have the instinct to communicate with others, to share our feelings and thoughts, and as a result, language development in each individual becomes an instinct (Pinker, 1994). Since language is the tool used for communication, Wittgenstein says, â€Å"The limits of my language are the limits of my world†. It is implied that people speak just one language and thus live in only one world, and if you are not capable of using the language, your world is narrowed. However, Einstein has an opposite opinion; he devalues the importance of language and says, â€Å"The words of a language as they are written and spoken do not seem to play any role in the mechanism of my thought.† It is widely believed believe that language is the bridge connecting individuals and the outside world; thus, it is a crucial element of human life. Language can be inextricably tied to identity, and it can also be disentangled. In Einstein’s quote, he says that the language of speech and writing doesn’t influence his thought, because the mechanism of his thought is extraordinary. As a widely recognized great scientist, his point might be that people should think something beyond what is already written, and also, â€Å"the sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is CAPABLE of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension.† (Ezra Pound, The ABC of Reading). With language as your tool, you are capable of exploring other worlds. Wittgenstein’s statement failed to include the fact that there are worlds formed based on different languages. It is through such language that one is either included or excluded fro m social groups. Language pervades social life. It is the principal vehicle for the transmission of cultural knowledge, and the primary means by which we gain access to the contents of others minds. Language is implicated in most of the phenomena that lie at the core of social psychology: attitude change, social perception, personal identity, social interaction, intergroup bias and stereotyping, attribution, and so on. Just as language use pervades social life, the elements of social life constitute an intrinsic part of the way language is used. Linguists regard language as an abstract structure that exists independently of specific instances of usage (much as the calculus is a logico-mathematical structure that is independent of its application to concrete problems), but any communicative exchange is situated in a social context that constrains the linguistic forms participants use. How these participants define the social situation, their perceptions of what others know, think and believe, and the claims the make about their own and others identities will affect the form and content of their acts of speaking. For present purposes, it may be more helpful to think about language as a set of complex, organized systems that operate in concert. A particular act of speaking can be examined with respect to any of these systems (G. Miller, 1975), and each level of analysis can have significance for social behaviour. For example, languages are made up of four systems—the phonological, the morphological, the syntactic, and the semantic—which, taken together, constitute its grammar. Australia is often described as one of the ‘classical countries of immigration’. The concept of being a ‘nation of immigrants’ is at the centre of Australian identity. Australia is a unique country, and it has a long history of population growth due to immigration. Australia is a young country and has not fully developed. It is commonly called â€Å"The Land of Opportunity.† Such grammar can be exclusive to specific culture along with social purposes. Melbourne, for example, has many sub-cultures that combine to create the overwhelmingly diverse and generalized culture that defines the city as a whole. We are constantly influence through the language that other cultures have introduced into our traditional linguistics. The English Language has changed and shifted drastically form the Anglo-Saxon version to our current speech. Over time, linguistics from cultures such as French, Latin and Greek have evaded our traditional tongue, creating a new cultural identity; ever evolving and adapting to the modern world. In the modern world, human need to belong still influences language development and identity established through such language. People are proud of their accents, dialects, and languages. It is a mark of uniqueness and simultaneously a mark of belonging and excluding. People who live in different areas are proud to speak the way they do, because they are different from the rest, but are still part of a group. Whereas, accents and dialects are marks of belonging, and something that most people are proud of, language development has been influenced by less idealistic reasons. We can see how important language is in both the purpose of communication and widening the world of an individual; it is a way of knowing. If an individual is not capable of using a language, his world is limited yet it is reasonable to assume that the language used by most people is not always significant in mechanism of everybody’s thoughts, because somebody’s mind might work differently. Throughout history, human needs have affected their behaviour, how they lived, and how their language develops. Food, water, and a place to belong were some of the major needs to begin with, but as time went by, they were joined by other needs. Economic, political and scholarly needs also influence language development. The influence of human development and need will continue to effect language expansion, and will continue to as long as the world lasts.

A Look At Savage Garden :: essays research papers

Savage Garden is an Australian duo formed in 1994 by Daniel Jones and Darren Hayes. Daniel Jones, born on July 22, 1973 in Essex England moved to Brisbane, Australia as a young child, he plays keyboard, guitar, programming and sings back up. Darren came from a long line of musicians, so his love for music started when he was very young. When he was little, his brother had a drum set and when he went out, Daniel would sneak into his room and play then, he took piano lessons when he was seven. By the age of ten, he was playing the keyboard and drums in pubs and hotels. Daniel’s musical influences were, Peter Gabriel, XTC, and Tears For Fears. Darren was born May 8, 1972 in Brisbane, he is both the lead and back up singers. At a young age, he began showing alot of intrest of getting into entertainment by singing and acting around the house which led him to act in many school plays when he got into high school. After high school, Darren attended college, to study journalsim, Drama and education. His influences include, Prince, The Smiths, Fleetwood Mac, Marvin Gaye, Diana Ross, and Duran Duran. Both the guys are songwriters. Daniel was playing with another band called Red Edge, when he put an ad in a Brisbane music paper for a lead vocalist, Darren was studying to be a teacher when he decided he wanted to get into the music scene, he saw Daniel’s ad and responded, â€Å"We clicked imeadeatly†(Darren Hayes, SavageGarden biography) Darren joined the band and in 1994, He and Daniel decided they were tired of playing other people’s music so they left the band and devoted their time to writing and the band, Crush was formed. Darren and Daniel soon found out another Australian band also had that name so, they bought the name from them but, then they found another English band called Crush so they decided to call the band Savage Garden which was thought of by Darren, it was from an Anne Rice novel where â€Å"she describes the world as two levels, one as a very beautiful place but,in the other, underneath, we’re all savage beasts†(The conception of savage garden) in the other,Darren and Daniel so fired by self assurance, sent out over 150 demo tapes to record companies and management all over Australia. One by one they got rejected until John Woodruff heard their tape and thought they had a chance, he immediately flew to Brisbane to sign them to JWM, his record company. Their first self titled album was recorded in

Market Segmentation Essay

An organization cannot satisfy all the needs and wants of all the consumers. Therefore, Market is divided into different segments so an organization can focus on the needs and wants of the specific consumers who share similar needs and demonstrate similar buyer behavior. In the world, there are different types of buyers with their own needs and behavior. Segmentation is the process to match groups of the purchasers with same needs and wants. Market segmentation: The division of a market into different groups or the process of splitting customers in a market into different groups or segments, within which customers show similar buying behavior and share a similar level of interest in the same set of needs and wants satisfied by a marketer is called Market segmentation. Reasons for segmentation of market: The reason for segmenting a market is to allow your marketing program to focus only on the segment that is most likely to buy your offering. Market segmentation makes possible how to use marketing mix for different target markets. A company is then able to determine which groups of customers are best suited to serve and which product and service offers will meet the needs of the customers and will satisfy them. Therefore, the main objective of segmentation must be how to win and retain the customers you want to serve. If the segmentation process is done properly then it will insure the maximum return for your marketing and sales expenditures, depending on what you are selling and whether you are selling your offerings to individual consumers or a business. Levels of Market Segmentation †¢Segment Marketing †¢Individual Marketing †¢Niche Marketing †¢Local Marketing Segment Marketing: Dividing the market into different segments on the basis of homogenous need. Segmented on basis of broad similarity with regard to some attributes. Segmentation is also sometimes identifying, capturing & retaining potential new markets. Individual Marketing: Extreme marketing in which marketers focus on individual customers. Keep track of individual tastes & preferences of individual customers. Many companies are approaching individuals through e-mails to promote their products. Niche Marketing: Marketer’s effort to position their product or service in smaller markets that have similar attributes and have been neglected by other marketer. Segment further divided into sub segments to cater unsatisfied needs of small group is called as niche. Local Marketing: Marketers offer customized products to suit the local markets. McDonalds introduced â€Å"Muslimized† or â€Å"Arabic† products such as Big Mac, Halal Chicken, Mac Arabia, and more†¦ Variables to Segment the Market: There are a number of segmentation variables that allow an organization to divide their market into homogenous groups. These variables will be discussed briefly below: †¢Geographic †¢Demographic †¢Psychographic †¢Behavioral Geographic segmentation It is based on regional variables such as region, climate, population density, and population growth rate. Geographic segmentation divides markets into different geographical areas. Marketers use geographic segmentation because consumers in different parts of world vary in characteristics and behaviors. An area can be divided by the town, the region or the country. If you are an organization working on a global scale you may divide by global regions such as Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Example: McDonalds globally, sell burgers aimed at local markets, for example, They also offer vegetable burgers in India due to lots of vegetarians and burgers are made from lamb in India rather than beef because of religious issues also. In Mexico more chili sauce is added and so on. In Muslim countries halal food is offered. In Arabic countries Arabic food is offered like Mc Arabia. Demographic Segmentation It is based on variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, income, and family status. Demographics originate from the word ‘demography’ which means a ‘study of population’. The population can be divided into age, gender, income, and family lifecycle amongst other variables. As people age their needs and wants change, some organizations develop specific products aimed at particular age groups. Gender segmentation is commonly used within the cosmetics, clothing and magazine industry. Income segmentation is another strategy used by many organizations Products and services are also aimed at different lifecycle segments. Examples: ïÆ'ËœFor different age groups: Nappies for babies, toys for children, clothes for teenagers and so on. Introduction of Maxim, (www.maxim-magazine.co.uk)A male lifestyle magazine covering male fashion, films, cars, sports and technology. Psychographic Segmentation: oIt is based on variables such as values, attitudes, opinions, interests, personality and lifestyle. oIt is used highly in the hospitality industry oVALS (Values And Lifestyles) Principle Oriented- principles or beliefs rather than feelings, events, or desire for approval. Status Oriented- status or other people’s actions, approval, or opinions. ï‚ §Action Oriented- action prompted by a desire for social or physical activity, variety, and risk taking. Behavioral Segmentation: It is based on variables such as usage rate and patterns, price sensitivity, brand loyalty, and benefits sought. It refers to why people purchase a product or service. How will the product enhance their overall lifestyle? Occasion is another variable. When should a product be purchased? Occasion segmentation aims to increase the ‘reason to buy factor’ and thus increase sales. Usage rate divides customers into light, medium and heavy users. Heavy users obviously contribute more to turnover then light or medium users, the objective of an organization should be to attract heavy users who will make a greater contribution to company sales. It is based on benefits people seek when buying a product. It is based on Total satisfaction from a service rather than individual benefits. Examples: When someone is going out to dinner McDonalds and local restaurant will not come in the same breathe for choices of where to go. When purchasing a computer the benefit sought will be of ‘ease of use’. ïÆ'ËœThe demand for turkeys increases during Christmas, flowers and chocolates on mother’s day and so on.

How to Find the Birthplace of Your Immigrant Ancestor

Once youve traced your family tree back to the immigrant ancestor, determining his/her birthplace is the key to the next branch in your family tree. Knowing just the country isnt just enough - youll usually have to get down to the town or village level to successfully locate your ancestors records. While it seems a simple enough task, a town name isnt always easy to find. In many records, only the country or possibly county, state, or department of origin were recorded, but not the name of the actual  ancestral town or parish. Even when a place is listed, it may only be the nearby big city, because that was a more recognizable point of reference for people not familiar with the region. The only clue Ive ever found to my 3rd great-grandfathers city/town of origin in Germany, for example, is his tombstone that says he was born in Bremerhaven. But did he really come from the big port city of Bremerhaven? Or is that the port he emigrated from? Was he from a nearby small town, perhaps elsewhere in the city-state of Bremen, or the surrounding state of Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony)? To locate an immigrants town or village of origin you may have to gather clues from numerous sources. Step One: Take Off His Name Tag! Learn everything you can about your immigrant ancestor so that you will be able to identify him in relevant records, and distinguish him from others of the same name. This includes: The immigrants full name including her middle name or maiden name, if applicableA date of birth or the date of another event (marriage, immigration, etc.) with which you may be able to identify your ancestorA place of birth, even if it is just a country of origin for nowThe names of all identifiable relatives -- parents, spouse, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins, etc. Immigrants often traveled with relatives or went to join one who had previously emigrated. These names will also help you to identify your immigrants family in their country of origin.Any other information that may help identify your ancestor, including religion, occupation, friends, neighbors, etc. Dont forget to ask family members and even distant relatives about your ancestors birthplace. You never know who may have personal knowledge or relevant records in their possession. Step Two: Search National Level Indexes Once youve determined the country of origin, look for a national index to vital or civil registration records (births, deaths, marriages) or a national census or other enumeration for that country in the time period in which your ancestor was born (e.g. civil registration index for England Wales). If such an index exists, this might provide a shortcut to learning your ancestors place of birth. You must, however, have enough identifying information to recognize the immigrant, and many countries do not maintain vital records at the national level. Even if you do locate a particular candidate this way, you will still want to follow the other steps as well to verify that your same name individual in the old country is actually your ancestor. Step Three: Identify Records Which May Include the Place of Birth The next goal in your birthplace quest is to find a record or other source that tells you specifically where to start looking in your ancestors country of origin. While searching, it is important to remember that your ancestors last residence prior to emigration may not necessarily be their place of birth. Look at research already done by others. In many cases, other researchers have already found where the emigrant came from. This includes searching through published indexes and genealogies, local biographies and town histories, and databases of compiled records.Locate original records related to the immigrants death, such as death records, church records, obituaries, cemetery records, and probate records. Obituaries published in ethnic newspapers are the most likely to contain specific information such as a town of origin.Check both civil and church sources for a marriage record and records of the childrens births.Search other types of genealogical records which may reveal an ancestors town of origin, including census records, court records, newspapers, and land and property records.Immigration records such as passenger lists and naturalization records are another important source in the search for an immigrants town of birth. While it may seem a better place to start, you usually ne ed the information found in previous steps to enable you to locate immigration and naturalization records. In the United States, for example, census records may reveal whether an ancestor was naturalized. Search for these records in each place where the immigrant lived, for the complete time period when he or she lived there and for some time after his death. Be sure to investigate available records in all jurisdictions that may have kept records about him or her, including town, parish, county, state, and national authorities. Be thorough in your examination of each record, making note of all identifying details such as the immigrants occupation or the names of neighbors, godparents, and witnesses. Step Four: Cast a Wider Net Sometimes after researching all possible records, you will still be unable to find a record of the home town of your immigrant ancestor. In this case, continue the search in the records of identified family members -- brother, sister, father, mother, cousin, children, etc. -- to see if you can find a place name associated with them. For example, my great-grandfather emigrated to the United States from Poland but was never naturalized and left no records of his specific town of origin. The town in which they lived was identified, however, on the naturalization record of his eldest daughter (who was born in Poland). Tip!  Church baptismal records for children of immigrant parents are another resource that can be invaluable in a search for immigrant origins. Many immigrants settled in areas and attended churches with others of their same ethnic and geographic background, with a priest or minister who likely knew the family. Sometimes this means records likely to be more specific than just Germany in recording a place of origin. Step Five: Find it on a Map Identify and verify the place name on a map, something that is not always as easy as it sounds. Often you will find multiple places with the same name, or you may find that the town has changed jurisdictions or even disappeared. It is very important here to correlate with historical maps and other sources of information to be sure that you have identified the correct town.

Cancer The Phenoptosis Concept Essay - 960 Words

In particular: a) species which show no aging (â€Å"animals with negligible senescence†) show the same telomerase activity at any age and have no cancer problem, as demonstrated by their constant mortality rate at any age; b) in our species, studied in wild conditions, the increase in age-related mortality is precedent to cancer-related deaths cases and it is impossible that defenses against cancer kill before cancer can develop; c) shortened telomeres, as a result of telomerase inactivity, cause dysfunctional telomere-induced instability and so the likelihood of cancer increases; d) in normal mice, telomerase expression delays aging but does not increase cancer risk. Telomerase activation is documented in many cases of cancer, but this is†¦show more content†¦These cells, which have a very high metabolic activity, show cell turnover and, when this turnover slows down, damaging substances such as A2E (a vitamin A-derived breakdown product) accumulates, cells of RPC layer rarefy and leave holes in the RPC layer. This results in the death of the photoreceptors served and the onset of symptoms of ARMD, beginning from the macula, which is the part of the retina with the greatest density of photoreceptors. Just like photoreceptor cells (particular neurons without turnover) are dependent on other cells (particular gliocytes showing cell turnover), other neurons - as those of the Central Nervous System - depend on another type of gliocytes (microglia cells). As explanation for Alzheimer Disease (AD), the decline of turnover and functionality of microglia cells has been hypothesized. Microglia cells remove ÃŽ ²-amyloid protein and it is proved that, in AD, there is inadequate removal and harmful accumulation of this protein. Patients likely affected by AD show telomeres that are significantly shorter than in apparently normal subjects. An age-related dysfunction of endothelial cells could be, at least in part, an explanation for AD, but â€Å"a cell senescence model might explain Alzheimer dementia without primary vascular involvement†. There is an association between Alzheimer disease or ARMD and unhealthy lifestyle, which reduces the number of endothelial

Essay on The Use of Steroids in Major League Baseball

The Use of Steroids in Major League Baseball He walked into his hotel bathroom and cautiously closed the door. Clanging his 60 lb. dumbbell against the floor, he set his travel bag full of needles on the counter. While filling his syringe with THG, he began to think about the consequences of his actions; it is a serious problem, but he doesnt have the willpower to give up the success rewarded from it. As the needle slowly penetrated through the skin and half way through his muscle, he unloaded the syringe and felt the steroids settle throughout his leg. He took a deep breath as he removed the needle, letting the last bit of steroids squirt out of the syringe. Mentally blocking the pain, he began curling his dumbbell to pump the†¦show more content†¦When the steroid scandal heightened and the talk of drug testing began, it is apparent that Giambi got scared and stopped his steroid problem. When Giambi reported to spring training this year, he came in with a sunken in face and weighed 20 pounds less, which is an occurren ce that happens when an athlete discontinues his steroid cycle. Steroids are becoming a huge problem in Major League Baseball. Records in the past, such as the single season home run record, were set by people who were truly amazing athletes and achieved their record from hard work and dedication. From 1966 through 1994, two players hit at least 50 or more home runs. Since 1995, 18 players have reached 50. Roger Maris single-season record of 61 home runs stood for 27 years and has been surpassed six times since 1998. Morals in baseball have been lost; whatever happened to achieving greatness with the talents God had given them? Now players are chemically making themselves stronger so that they can make record books, and they are ruining their bodies as well as the competition to do it. Players now have to start juicin up just to contend with the competition. The NBA, NFL, NCAA, and Olympics all ban steroids, and it is coming to the day where baseball needs too as well (Caminiti). Well, what are steroids? Where did they come from? And how do they make someone so muchShow MoreRelatedThe Illegal Steroid Use in The Major League Baseball1355 Words   |  6 Pagestake a look and study the illegal steroid use in Major League Baseball, and possible ways it can be exempt from the game forever. Use of performance enhancing drugs is cheating and causes inequalities, in which new repercussions should be implemented. These new rules should include a zero tolerance level, records stripped and not being rewarded of their accomplishments; which is to include banishment from an admittance into the Hall of Fame. Furthermore, it causes major health concerns and could endRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Why Major League Baseball players would use steroids is the biggest question that every person in the world wants to know. I think MLB players use steroids so they can bulk up and get stronger, which will allow them to last through the long, seven-month season. I think that because they play 162 games a year during these seven months that this causes a great deal of wear and tear on their bodies. Especially if a player gets hurt, they might try to takeRead More Steroid Use in Major League Baseball Essay example1596 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Use in Major League Baseball Steroids are unhealthy for baseball players and they are giving the game of baseball a bad reputation. Since steroids have become such a hot topic in Major League Baseball (MLB) fans have had nothing but bad things to say about the sport and its players. When sports illustrated asked some of its readers to give reaction to the steroid controversy in the MLB here is what baseball fan Howard Langsner from New York had to say Horrible, just horrible. We takeRead MoreSpeech On Steroids And Major League Baseball1638 Words   |  7 Pagesin Major League history. However, this record is controversial, due to steroid use. B. Thesis: Today I am going to persuade you all about the use of steroids in Major League Baseball, persuading you why steroids should not be allowed in Major League Baseball. I have a call to action for all of you to help others if they are considering using steroids, and next time you watch a MLB game to realize the impact of steroids. C. Credibility: Gave my informative speech on Steroids in Major League BaseballRead MoreSteroids Abuse in Baseball1746 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of Americas Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behavior orRead More Steroid Abuse Hurts Baseball Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesSteroid Abuse Hurts Baseball   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The abuse of steroids among players in Major League Baseball is corrupting the image of America?s Pastime as well as endangering the health of those who use the illegal substances. The lack of testing and punishment for the use of illegal substances like steroids in the Major Leagues portrays a negative image to aspiring young athletes. They see their role models using steroids and becoming better athletes rather than seeing suspensions for the illegal behaviorRead MoreSteroids : Steroids And Steroids1162 Words   |  5 Pagessomething about Baseball that is just astonishing. Most people in the world have grown up baseball in their life, and families share the love for the sport throughout generations. However, there are also people that overlook baseball because of one thing: steroids. The Steroid Era has caused a lot of problems with baseball; it has hurt it so much to this current day. Since the steroid era started, there was a huge boost from the offensive si de. Everyone who had a love for baseball enjoyed the offensiveRead MoreThe Effect of Steriods in Major League Baseball Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesBaseball is known as America’s pastime and is one of the most popular, respected sports on earth. Since the beginning of the sport, it seemingly advances with technology every year making faster and stronger players. The use of steroids became rampant and spread among players and has carried them away from the true history of the game they play. Controversy still today runs around the sport today about fines, punishments and record breaking. The past two decades of Major League Baseball have beenRead MoreEssay about Media Sports: How did Baseball get Affected by Steroids?1246 Words   |  5 Pagesways. This can be seen in America’s national pastime baseball. Baseball is a sport that became the national sport in the United States in the late 19th century. From the beginning of the sport they tried to keep the highes t standards to each player and ball club. There were times of scandal, but of all the things that happen to baseball substance abuse has been portrayed as one of the worst thing a player could do. To defame the baseball was to ruin everything the sport stood for. This researchRead More A Baseball Proposal Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesA Baseball Proposal Ever since the creation of Americas favorite pastime, baseball, cheating has been an integral part of the game. Each era of baseball has offered new and improved techniques for cheating the game of baseball. Cheating has become a common occurrence in baseball, from the 1919 Chicago Black

Corporate Governance in the UK

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Corporate Governance in the UK? Answer: Introduction Corporate Governance is defined as a close relationship among the entities involved in the governance process. This relationship eventually leads to determine the direction, performance and potentialities of the corporations. Expanding this definition only, this term could be explained in simpler words as a system that combines all the prevailing laws and procedures to work with an ultimate aim to regulate the interactions between the providers of capitals and the ones involved in the decision making process of the company and simultaneously has an effect of the companys activities and disposition over them (Mendez, 2003). The elements of Corporate Governance play a pivotal role in allocating the defined roles and responsibilities to these participants and also define their influence on the organizations routine work and the quality of work they deliver. After a detailed discussion and an intensive research on this topic, the researchers suggested that corporate governance can never occur in a vacuum and it reflects the economic, historical, legal and cultural characteristics of a company during its operation. It is also shaped and reshaped majorly by the ownership structures and economic patterns and in a minor manner by the financing options available to the business(Yulei Hu, 2008). The global economic leaders have some notable differences in their models of corporate governance and these differences have evolved due to the variations in the available financial options. A deep comparison has been made between the responses of the UK and US over the various corporate scandals (Aguilera Jackson, 2003). The US had a great revolution from flexible form of corporate governance system to more complicated and more legally-bound form. On the other hand, the UK, as a part of its response, conducted a way of evolving with steady steps which included the introduction of a wide range of influence groups. In response to the scandals, the US adopted the stringent Sarban es-Oxley Act. (Polk Wardwell, 2011). The UK, on the other hand, followed a more enhanced and innovative way of introducing a voluntary code of corporate governance which was far better from the statutory code prevailing in the US and hence succeeded in establishing the best practices in the country (Monks, 2011). The UK government, instead of passing any ineffective laws, uses a comply or explain approach to combat the prevailing issues. This approach was introduced for the first time in 1992 by the Cadbury Report. The newly introduced and the existing conventions and rules entirely followed the approach of self regulation but simultaneously had a substantial support from the prevailing legislative forces. The Comply or explain approach overpowered the one-size-fit-all approach because the former approach gave the flexibility of incorporating innovations in the companies (Faure-Grimaud, et al., 2005). As mentioned that, in 1992, UK introduced its first code which had the potential to set out the best practice in corporate governance and was aliased as the Cadbury code. This introduction involved a new concept of comply or explain approach, under which the companies had an option either to adopt and follow the best possible practices that are available at that time or to explain their respective shareholders that why their services are not needed by the company at the present situation. Sir Christopher Hogg (Former Chairman of the Financial reporting council, London, UK), in his article The Comply or Explain Approach to improving Standards of Corporate Governance, has clearly stated that when market conditions are favorable, such as that of United Kingdom, the comply or explain approach has been constantly working in reforming the current landscape of corporate governance in the UK(Zattoni Cuomo, 2008). He also revealed a statistic that showed that the current practices of this ap proach has been adopted and implemented so well that the compliance rate of these practices has increased to more than 90%. While keeping in mind the current progress of Corporate sector in the UK , he stated that the With the introduction of this soft law approach, the marketers have felt a secured sense of participation in various marketing activities and hence wants this approach to flourish for a long-term (Davis, 2001). Also, when compared to the earlier times, the present corporate governance practices have the abilities to respond in a better manner to the prevailing developments in the best practices (ICAEW Team, 2016). This is possible because these practices have got myriads of elements that are specially tailored to fit according to changing circumstances of the company and hence eventually sets higher standards of competition for all the other existing companies of the same breed. Antoinette Bozac, in another article, stated that the current corporate governance model be ing followed in the UK is the preferred action for evolution towards better gender representation. It is because, this model allows organizations to strategically and meaningfully develop their policies and targets towards broader diversity overall (Solomon, 2013). According to the author, this kind of approach has a tendency to develop more champions to influence change, foster transparency and promote inclusiveness. Antoine Faure-Grimaud, Sridhar Arcot and Valentina Bruno, in their published journal titled Corporate Governance in the UK: is the Comply or Explain Approach working?Has clearly mentioned in their paper that the market along with all its marketers have readily adopted the compliance as its strategic approach to combat various evolving issues. The Combined Code in the UK, under this approach, simply asks the companies to follow what it provides or to explain why they do not desire such provisions (The Financial Reporting Council Limited, 2010). When the present situatio ns in the UK are compared to the statutory system, as prevails in the US, the flexible system of the UK, when combined with the current corporate governance code of the country, paves an easy way for those companies which do not have a reason for accepting the provisions of the Combined Code. Authors like Thomas Clarke and Bob Tricker believes that the main motive of all the Corporate Governance Code is to evolve and promote good governance and propose such rules that are acceptable by all (Financial Times, 2015). But while talking specifically about this system, they said that comply or explain provision promotes innovations in all its forms and this is entirely due to a fact that this code can accommodate a number of new ideas (Tricker, 2015). This system also allows companies to have an ample of time dedicated to introduction of innovations that would foster the process of success attained and would lately set up an example for all the other competitors. In addition to this, fro m the time the UK has adopted this approach in their corporate governance system, theres an establishment of a process that includes learning that lasts for a long-term (Aras D Crowther, 2008). There are a number of companies that have followed the recommendations of the governance code to create a sound-base for the governance. There is a belief that only the public or the large and established companies with myriads of shareholders need to incorporate Corporate Governance practices in their working strategies. The right-sized governance practices definitely forms a sound base for the enhancement in the performance and long-term viability of the firm. The best Corporate Governance practices are followed by Microsoft, which is a leading USA, based company. The company, to effectively include the practices of Corporate Governance, has involved effective conversations with the shareholders. A precise corporate governance cycle is created with different activities in different season. The annual governance cycle begins in the Spring Season by evaluating the best practices of the governance with regulatory developments and companys own policies and practices. This helps the firm to evaluate the annual update of the governance framework. In the summer season, the company communicates the updates and reformations to the significant shareholders. In the autumn season, the company publishes its annual communications to the shareholders and the stakeholders. During this season, the company communicates crucial information to the major investors and gathers their feedbacks on the important topics that are to be addressed in the next season. In the winter season, the Corporate Governance Cycle concluded with the self assessment session in which the setbacks and the major wins are critically analyzed. In this season, the panel considers all sorts of feedbacks received from the shareholders in the preceding year and work accordingly to rectify the errors. The elements of the Corporate Governance practices are specifically designed keeping in mind the long term interests of the shareholders. The practices focus on the maintenance of the internal checks and balances and foster an ambience of responsible decision making within the firm. The inclusion of such practices strengthens to company to take wise and profitable decisions for its firm in times of financial crisis or when the accountability of the companys decisions and strategies are questioned. For the same reasons, the corporate governance practices are adopted in companies in the UK too. In this country the companies amalgamate this element with the other general business practices to ensure that the Board members of the firm have a right to review and evaluate all possible business operations independent of the management body. For an example, HSBC, the worlds largest banking and financial services organization, is highly committed to the specific principles of Corporate Governance. For implementing this concept in all the spheres of the bank, the company has created a comprehensive range of systems and policies that are communicated well to all the working members of the firm. According to the companys executives, a bank could be well managed only when the governance policies provide a greater oversight to the future strategies as well as the tools to exert a proper control over the working strategies of the firm. The companys code is created to be in compliance with th e applicable code provisions of the UK Financial Reporting Council and even with the Stock exchange of the Hong Kong. This is basically done to avoid any kind of potential issues related to governance. Rolls Royce, another leading firm providing the highly integrated power and propulsion solutions is also a great example of the UK based company whos Board attaches a highest priority to the corporate governance practices. The companys executives think that the concept of Corporate governance has effectively helped the firm to enhance its corporate values, to create and retain a good reputation for the firm in the local and global markets and even provide the firm with a number of innovative measures to attain its pre-decided goals and objectives on time and in a proposed budget. When a company decides to adopt the practices of corporate governance, it eventually sets out various standards for its internal workings and then proceeds to work out in that direction and this process becomes more effective when they are allowed to set their standards, rules and procedures on their own instead of working as a mere puppet in the hands of the other leading powers (Davis, et al., 1997). Van de Berghe, in the journal titled Beyond Corporate Governance, has stated that the prevailing corporate governance practices in the UK are undoubtedly the best ones and there are chances of a company to retain their effectiveness and accountability to the same level, only if it applies these practices in a right manner(EY, 2012). Although under this approach, no one can legally bind any company to follow their provisions, but yes, they have an ultimate right to evaluate their provisions on the basis of the explanations provided by the company for not accepting their provisions. The UK Corporate Governance code is effectively used in all the companies, but there are a number of companies in which this concept is not applied. These companies include the ones which shares are traded on AIM and the markets which are not covered by the listing rules. This concept is also not applied in a listed company with a standard listing on the London Stock Exchange. But it is the choice of these companies to comply with the codes if they wish so. Sometimes the pressure exerted by the major shareholders and the wish of the company to adopt the best conduction practices may also exempt the companies to follow the Corporate Governance Code. The US corporate governance has recently been heavily criticized due to failure of a number of renowned companies like Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, etc. These failures subsequently led to the introduction of a strict legal change in the form of a Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and accompanying this was a regulatory change which took the form of introduction of new governance guidelines. In the US, the shareholders hold the ultimate powers and the principles of the corporate governance of the country are designed to fit to the requirements of these people. Hence, the countrymen have developed reluctance towards the adoption of such system (Jensen Murphy, 1989). According to people, the US society works to gain attention of the capitalist and the medium and low-level creditors and stakeholders eventually have not much say in the corporate workings of the companies and leading organizations(Jackson, 2010). This is entirely due to a fact that in the US, unlike the UK, there is no independent sys tem of working and one has to work under the influential powers of others. And as expected, the shareholders suitably take care of their own interests only overlooking the prime benefits of the organization and of the people associated with it. When people look towards the corporate governance model of the US in comparison to that of the UK, it is clearly visible that in the US model there is no separation of ownership and management. There is no one above the level of the mangers and these managers work according to their will to take any sort of decisions for the organization. In this model, theres no involvement of any non-executive director, who can keep an eye over the works of the managers(WLG, 2010). For example, the US based Ford Motor Company it is the Board of Directors that have adopted a precise framework for the Corporate Governance practices to promote the effective functioning of the board. The board is comprised of the highly skilled managers, elected by a specific a nd complex process, are only responsible to take decisions for the firm and no panel is considered above it. This model is highly discarded and regarded as the failure of the leading companies because there is not a definite ownership pattern for an organization and the extra capital required by the organizations are taken from the people who are not even indirectly involved in the various processes and losses of the company. Instead, the large institutional investors have the maximum stake in these organizations and hence have a chance to say and operate the working of these companies (Tafara, 2007). When observed closely, it was observed that the corporate governance in the US has traditionally been designed to focus on the crucial people of an organization who are directly involved in the profits and losses of the company. These important people generally include the shareholders and the Board of Directors. The practices have never focused on the needs of the other participants o f the organization and hence have always failed to evaluate the actual critical situations the companies have been facing (Essen J Otten, 2015). Davis Polk and Wardwell in their journal titled, The corporate governance landscape in the United states has clearly mentioned that Although, due to occurrence of a number of corporate scandals led the government to introduce the strict Sarbanes-Oxley Act, but this never changed the basic structure of the corporate governance practices in the US (Chen Roberts, 2010). According to this article, although the managers are appointed to look over the activities of the organization and take decisions, but still they are headed by the Board of Directors which are independently elected by the concerned Shareholders of the Company. In an article titled, Failure of Corporate Governance by James Kwak, it has been correctly written by the author that, From the past twenty years, there has not been a demonstration of a beneficial governance as the reg ulatory activities imposed by the government restricted the thinking of the companies and they have lag behind in terms of innovations and thing-big ideas (Gray Manson, 2011). At the same viewpoint, John Gillespie and David Zweig, in their book, Money for Nothing: How the failure of Corporate boards is ruining American Business and costing us Trillions, have written that, The Companies have eventually become more like a private club, as there is no regulatory authority over the CEOs to whom they can report there issues and seek solutions to the emerging problems. Although the corporate governance framework of the US has been criticized by most of the Authors and has been considered as a basic reason for failure of many leading companies, yet, the part of the corporate governance system which was indirectly under the control of the public and had some governmental influence, has reacted and still has the potential to react to the quickly to address the emerging problems (Bhattachary a Sen, 2004). The evidence to this fact is that, there has been a dramatic increase in the equity-based pay and the institutionalization of the US shareholders. This expansion has appeared to have an overall positive impact on the corporate sector of US as well as on its declining economy (Yekini K Jallow, 2012). Although the weal corporate governance structure had a bad influence on the working structures of organizations, but if the overregulation element of this model is minimized then there are chances of the US system to become a better one (Waddock Stuart, 2003). Now, having a look over the arguments and opinions of the authors on the corporate governance systems of both the UK and the US, it is crucial to draw the conclusion over the thinking and viewpoints of the employees or directors of the organization to which this framework is being applied. Many UK-based companies think that Comply-or-Explain Approach is quite better than the One-Size-Fits-All Approach. In other simpler words, the corporate governance code being precisely followed in the UK is far better than all the other countries (especially US). According to the directors and the employees of all the leading organizations in the UK, the current corporate governance practices have succeeded so far, only because of the Flexibility element; it possesses which allows the companies to reform the practices according to their requirements (Aguilera Cuervo-Cazurra, 2004). According to European Commission 2013, A Comply-or-Explain Approach allows an organization to tailor the corporate g overnance practices in compliance with their size, ownership structure and sectorial specificities. While using this approach, a company can have broad tools for investor attracting as well as for ownership protection. The next advantage that the companies are enjoying over the other global competitors is attaining the highest level of Market Sensibility (Holmstrom Kaplan, 2003). According to Gibson and Smith, companies that belongs to a country that effectively follows this approach under its general corporate governance system, tends to attract more investors due to adoption of new innovative ideas. This lowers the burden of capital on the people who are not even involved in the processes of the company. The self regulation principle of the approach, allows the directors to satisfy both the shareholders and the public at the same time by quickly attending to their needs. When these companies are compared to the others of the same breed, then they have the potential to bear the ec onomic crisis in a more mature manner and combat them with their innovative ideas. According to European Commission 2006, the Comply or explain approach is beneficial for both the companies and its regulatory authorities. It gives an ample of opportunities to both of them to perform in an efficient manner (Bebchuk Fried, 2003). The approach has set an efficient trend of adoption of the bottom-up policy that forces the regulators to carry out reformations in their structures and divide the responsibilities among the different levels of regulatory authorities(Cohan, 2009). This policy acts like a mirror to the market and hence justifies the transparent nature of this approach that minimizes the occurrence of any faults within the working structures of organizations. The corporate governance approach being followed in the UK-based companies is far greater than the corporate governance approach of the US-based companies because while following the One-Size-Fits-All Approach, a proporti onal policy is applied over the companies. The restructuring of the companies is wholly solely done by the regulatory authorities who do not take into account that who owns what and hence eventually discourage the investors(Sternberg, 1997). Hence, as the companies in the UK were being encouraged to adopt a number of innovations under the comply or explain approach, here these companies are demotivated for innovations and lag behind the global leaders in the generation and implementation of innovative ideas. The leading banks viz. HSBC, Goldman Sachs, and Morgan Stanley, all favors the Comply or explain approach. The FRC claims that the corporate governance code in the UK has a proven track record in changing behavior. Once the codes with the underlying approach are readily accepted and implemented, changes can be made relatively quickly. For an example, when the code was launched in 1992, there was a recommendation of separation of the chairman and chief executive functions(Arcot, et al., 2005). By the year 1995, only 47.4% of the companies followed this, but now, at present, this percent has risen to a numerical value of 95%. In the UK, as the financial markets are in a dynamic state, the codes, if adopted precisely and effectively, are easier and quicker to change when compared to the laws. These codes are designed in such a way that they respond effectively to the market developments with many innovative ideas and suggestions. As they are tailor-made, hence can be re-drafted and implemented without necessitating legislative change. Hence, the corporate governance code of the UK is said to be in a constant state of evolution (Iwasaki, 2014). The strict-rule based regulatory environment, prevailing in the US, is often perceived to promote practices that never allow the companies to think beyond their imagination powers. The versatile code, on the other hand, adopted in the UK, allows the companies to suggest and work over the good governance practices. This eventually encourages the companies to pay more heed towards the prevailing governance issues within and outside the company. Under the working of the corporate governance approach prevailing in the UK, the companies ultimately have the freedom to think beyond their imagination and adapt those practices which would definitely have a potential to yield lucrative results for a long-term (Leon, 2001). Conclusion Having all the discussions based on the contrast to the UK and the US corporate governance structure, it has been made clear that in order to have a strong and productive capital markets, a country should have a sound and flexible corporate governance system. The European Commission, being of the same mind, in a launched consultation discussed its views on improving the corporate governance within European companies. The Comply or explain approach being followed under the corporate governance practices of the UK is considered, and also has been proven here, as the best among all the other approaches available (Doh, et al., 2003). This is entirely due to the competitive advantages, it renders to its followers, over the other global competitors. The UK Financial Reporting Council (FRC) has said that the corporate governance approach, being followed in the UK, has been a trademark of corporate governance in the UK. This approach, being one of the backbones of the corporate governance co de, when used effectively, provides effective market-based solutions. These solutions are merely a result of a direct communication between the company and its shareholders and there is not any sort of interventions from regulatory authorities. This approach, though easy in implementation and yields a number of effective outcomes, is not simply all about not having any requirements. Instead, the researchers have defined this approach if the governance practices are good, then the companies could readily respond even to the alternatives of the provision. The comply or explain approach has been sustained so far in the UK because the people have developed a trust within the workings of the companies and in demonstration of genuine commitment of the company towards good governance. In return, the companies have to trust the people that there given explanation will be given a proper consideration. The UK-based companies have considered this corporate governance system to be the best one because it has given them a number of chances to innovate their thinking and various company-related procedures. As mentioned above, the code being followed in the UK is quite flexible and hence, the companies can make myriads of changes in accord to make it fit into their current working strategies. Although, this approach is being widely accepted in a number of countries, still it has numerous drawbacks which are needed to be rectified prior to the adoption of the approach(GRAY, 1988). Doubts about Comply or explain approach mainly arises when it fails in delivering its associated advantages to the companies. In order to have a wider application of this concept, the companies need to address or understand these concerns as soon as possible. Although this approach can work independently, but when this approach co-exists with basic code principles of a country, then it can be applied to a number of circumstances with few reformations in each case. The overall discussion drives to a conclusion that the comply or explain approach has three prime reasons to be the best among all the other available approaches. Firstly, this approach considers the benefit of both the shareholders and of the public at the same time. Secondly, this approach encourages the companies to follow best practices which have the capability to yield lucrative outcomes and keep a pace with the ever-changing corporate culture. Lastly, this approach minimizes the intervention of unnecessary regulatory authorities and also minimizes their participation in the imposition of minimum standards. Hence, when compared on various contrasting scales, the corporate governance practices of the UK, which has an underlying approach of the comply or explain, is considered as the best one and should be frequently adopted by the remaining UK-based companies and all the other global leaders. Bibliography Aguilera, R. Cuervo-Cazurra, A., 2004. Codes of Good Governance Worldwide: What is the Trigger? Available at: https://business.illinois.edu/aguilera/pdf/Aguilera_Cuervo-Cazurra_OS_2003.pdf Aguilera, R. Jackson, G., 2003. The Cross-National Diversity of Corporate Governance. Dimensions and Determinants, 28(03), p. 44765. Available at: https://amr.aom.org/content/28/3/447.abstract Aras, G. D Crowther, 2008. The social obligation of corporations. 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